Essay on The Great Gatsby and The Hollow Men - 1134 Words

The Great Gatsby has been one of the classic novels of the twentieth century. It creates a unique society that makes the story such a masterpiece. Another magnificent work that relates to The Great Gatsby is T.S. Eliots The Hollow Man.; The lines in the poem portray the story so vividly that it should have been an epigraph for the novel. The poems references to hollow and stuffed men, can describe different characters in The Great Gatsby. The hollowness of men represents ruthless barbarians with no respect for humans and no understanding of love. However, the stuffed men seem to be educated, wealthy, and respectful. The differences in these types of men can be seen through the events of the novel. Another aspect of the poem that†¦show more content†¦However, she is also revolting and doesnt understand the concept of love. At one point in the novel she gets frustrated and says to Jay Oh you want too much, I love you now, isnt that enough?(139); This shows the emptiness in her heart and the depression of her life. Daisy really has a low self-esteem and even with her possessions, she is still a disheartened lady with no motive in her life. In addition, Daisys hollow character eventually leads to her mental break-down and ultimately conveys her love to Tom. This occurs when she runs over Myrtle and kills her without even looking back. Daisy then destroys Jays love and never acknowledges his death. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Another similarity between the works is the idea of the stuffed men mentioned in the poem. There are two characters in the novel that carry this trait. Jay Gatsbys classy demeanor and restrained behavior show what good quality he is made of. Another trait he carries is his love for others such as Daisy and Nick. Even though he loves them as stepping stones to reach his goals, he has the decency to respect their goals in life. His persona and character is best summed up by Nick in the beginning of the novel. He stated: There was something gorgeous about him that heightened the sensitivities to the promises of life.(6); Another stuffed character is George Wilson. Even though he committed suicide and had a depressed life, he stillShow MoreRelatedThe American Dream In The Great Gatsby Essay942 Words   |  4 Pagesfor the same if not identical reasons. The great Gatsby shows us that â€Å"the tide turning east† as some would say, as people run to where d reams come true the city of New York looking for stuff they could sell like stocks etc. for fortunes. The great Gatsby shows this point in time as a symbol of the American Dreams slow corruption. Its now not a vision of building a new life or a better life its almost always about obtaining the most wealthy. Gatsby represents both the corrupted American DreamRead MoreF. Scott Fitzgerald s The Great Gatsby937 Words   |  4 PagesF. Scott Fitzgerald, author of The Great Gatsby, depicts the characters Gatsby and Daisy as symbols of the American Dream. Those who long to be at the top of the social ladder are evidence of the greedy scramble of wealth. Although Gatsby falsifies the original story of his climb to the top, this rags to riches endeavor is the pillar on which the American dream stands which gives him a mysterious yet interesting persona. Gatsby embodies Jack Solomon’s premise, in â€Å"Masters of Desire: The Culture ofRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1519 Words   |  7 Pagesto develop the whole plot. In The Great Gatsby, Fitzgerald uses a lot of symbols in this book. Among all those symbols in it, the symbol of the green light is the strongest, due to the changes of meaning in the book and leading the plot. However, each symbolic imagery is not unique, they interact with each other. This essay will argue that, with the help of other symbols, the symbol of green light becomes the crucial symbol for us to understand The Great Gatsby. Besides, this essay will discuss theRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald2182 Words   |  9 Pagesthe reader in F. Scott Fitzgerald’s novel, The Great Gatsby. Published in 1925, the novel tells the story of a cast of socialites in there 20s and early 30s in the fictional town of West Egg, Long Island. Narrated by a character named Nick Carraway, who provides insightful descriptions of the men and women he finds himself surrounded by after moving out East from the Midwest. The novel primarily focuses on the mysterious millionaire, Jay Gatsby. Gatsby has seemingly unlimited wealth, lives in a spectacularRead MoreThe Great Gatsby Research Paper1217 Words   |  5 Pagescome from different economic backgrounds. In the novel, The Great Gatsby, F. Scott Fitzgerald successfully uses locati on to differentiate social status amongst his characters while the weather and seasons of those locations help guide them.   Ã‚  Each character helps represent and support the differences of social class and the four main locations, The East Egg, the West Egg, the Valley of Ashes, and New York City. In The Great Gatsby geographical locations separate social classes. East Egg representsRead MoreDreaming the Dream in The Great Gatsby, and Of Mice and Men1194 Words   |  5 Pagesdetermination has attracted people from all around the world. Two writers from America’s past, however, have a different opinion on the once-great American Dream. F. Scott Fitzgerald and John Steinbeck have given the public their beliefs on the modern Dream through the novels they have written, The Great Gatsby, and Of Mice and Men, respectively. One novel placed during the Great Depression and the other during the Roaring Twenties both illustrate how their author feels about the Dream itself through the useRead MoreThe Great Gatsby, the Perverse American Dream Essay795 Words   |  4 Pagesin The United States of America. In the novel The Great Gatsby, F. Scott Fitzgerald alludes to the concept of The American Dream in a time just after World War 1 and he achieves this through many charact ers and the environment in which they live and interact in. The main character of the novel has often been characterized as a clear representation of The American Dream, which is a false statement for many concrete rationales. The fact that Gatsby accumulated his wealth from the bootlegging of alcoholRead MoreThe great Gatsby is too concerned with conveying a picture of 1920’s American society to have relevance to modern readers.1129 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿The great Gatsby is too concerned with conveying a picture of 1920’s American society to have relevance to modern readers. With reference to appropriately selected parts of the novel and relevant contextual information on both today’s society and society in the 1920’s, give your response to the above view.† As a heavily contextual literary piece, the great Gatsby written by F. Scott Fitzgerald is regarded as one of the greatest pieces of modern American literature of all time. The book as achievedRead MoreThe Yin And Yang Theory Intertwined With The Great Gatsby1402 Words   |  6 PagesIntertwined with The Great Gatsby The novel by F. Scott Fitzgerald ‘The Great Gatsby’ is one of the greatest novels of all time. â€Å"The novel exposes the hollow values of the Jazz Age, with its economic and social corruptions. It also turns on its ear the particularly American myth of the self-made man who achieves success through his integrity and plain hard work† (F. Scott Fitzgerald). This novel shows the effects that wealth can have which ultimately leads to the downfall of Gatsby. All the elementsRead MoreThe Great Gatsby : Wealth And Happiness1291 Words   |  6 Pagesphilosopher named Democritus once said, â€Å"Happiness resides not in possessions, and not in gold, happiness dwells in the soul.† Throughout the ages, wealth and riches have always seemed to catch the eyes of men. Numerous people believe even today that money is the source of happiness. As seen in The Great Gatsby, wealth and happiness are two major themes portrayed over and over again by Fitzgerald’s charac ters. Many of the characters in the story gain wealth believing that with riches, they can soon gain happiness

Incarceration Balancing Punishment And Treatment

4.0 Alternatives to Incarceration Balancing Punishment and Treatment Mass Incarceration In December 2013, President Barack Obama commuted the sentences of eight federal inmates who were convicted of nonviolent crack cocaine offenses, six of whom were serving life sentences (Miles 2014). The surge in the prison population of the United States of America can be attributed to changes in sentencing and policies that created stricter laws and harsher punishments for offenders. For the last half-century, America’s attempts to get tough on crime and wage a war on drugs have landed the U.S. the highest spot on the worldwide charts in regards to prison population; only in recent years has the rate of incarceration changed course, tracking a slow, steady downward trail. Incarceration is supposed to be punishment as rehabilitation, yet it has become the primary response to crime. It is simply punishment, greatly lacking in any true form of rehabilitation According to the National Bureau of Justice statistics on recidivism, it was found that within three years of release, about two thirds of released offenders were rearrested; of those rearrested, more than half were rearrested by the end of their first year of release (National Institute of Justice 2014). Most of the inmates are returning inmates, and have been caught in the vicious cycle of the system. Society does little to help reintegrate convicted offenders back into a normal lifestyle, making it difficult to find work andShow MoreRelatedPunishment or Rehabilitation, that Is the Question Essay781 Words   |  4 PagesThe U.S prison system is used to both punish and rehabilitate offenders. The first thing that is done in that process is punishment. The punishment of offenders happens in several different ways. The first and most obvious way is prison life in general. The offenders are away from their family and friends so the effect of this punishment is not always immediately evident to the inmate. Sometimes they are not in a frame of mind to realize how having a family member in prison can damage the relationshipsRead MoreThe Criminal Justice System1308 Words   |  5 Pagesaspects of crime and punishment. In the Western world, particularly the United States, the criminal justice system is an official governmental system that focuses on crime and punishment, though some societies still incorporate a significant amount of informal social controls into their criminal justice systems. The criminal justice system covers everything from crime-prevention and control efforts, to criminal trials, post-conviction treatment of offenders, and post-release treatment of offenders. ThisRead MorePhilosophical And Practical Approach For B alancing Issues1209 Words   |  5 PagesAssignment 3: Philosophical and Practical Approach for Balancing Issues Running head: PHILOSOPHICAL AND APPROACH FOR BALANCING ISSUES Assignment 3: Philosophical and Practical Approach for Balancing Issues Tardanika Marshall Strayer University CRJ 220: Ethics and Leadership Professor: Judy Tompkins, JD LLM September 9, 2015 Law enforcement officers deal withRead MoreEssay on Juvenile Justice1630 Words   |  7 Pages Juvenile Delinquents and Treatment Models Mark Roggeman Colorado Christian University Juvenile Delinquents and Treatment Models Among those who work in the juvenile justice system there is much discussion on how to effectively determine the appropriate consequences and or treatment for their actions. There are those who believe in punishment that includes incarceration and boot camp and there are those who believe in treatment programs with the goal of rehabilitationRead MoreEssay about How to Best Manage Juvenile Offenders700 Words   |  3 Pageslong contested issues. Professional opinions regarding treatment of said wrongdoers have swung between rehabilitation, punishment, and currently rehabilitation. Balancing public safety and the perpetrator’s mental and emotional development causes scrutiny and debate over laws and methods regarding treatment for the youth. Juvenile law focuses on rehabilitative services, when transfer to adult court is needed, and alternatives to incarceration. Understanding children’s mental and emotional developmentRead MoreDoes Punishment Deter Crime?1773 Words   |  8 PagesRunning Head: DOES PUNISHMENT Does Punishment Deter Crime? Kylon D. Shipp SOC 120 Week 6 Checkpoint University of Phoenix A question that all criminal justice professionals ask themselves is whether or not our justice system is up to the challenge of doing what it originally set out to do: â€Å"protect society from criminals, to punish those who commit crimes, and to make criminals better able to return to society once they have finished their sentences† (Topsfield Foundation, 1996). AlthoughRead MoreThe Constitutional Rights Of Prisoners1030 Words   |  5 PagesEqualizing the constitutional rights of prisoners and the functions of the jail or prison can create great strain on not only the correctional facilities’ staff but on the inmates as well. The treatment of prisoners is typically left completely to the prudence of prison administrators and other correctional officials. With that being said, this paper will discuss the differences between harmonizing those constitutional rights of prisoners and the functions of the facility. It will also explain theRead MoreThe History of Prison Reform1631 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿The History of Prison Reform Introduction The evolution of prison reform is a reflection of societys changing attitudes toward crime and punishment. Prisons have progressed from simple places for incarceration where the primary purpose is to protect the public to instruments of punishment where the loss of freedom is penalty for breaking the law, to institutions for reform dedicated to mould the guilty to conform to societys norms. Prisons were among the first public buildings erected in theRead MoreAnalyzing Intermediate Sanctions and Community Corrections within the Correctional Practices2500 Words   |  10 PagesIntermediate Sanctions and Community Corrections within the Correctional Practices Description Of The Issue That You Select The issue is intermediate sanctions and community corrections within the correctional practices. The two classic forms of punishment/supervision for crimes in the United States are imprisonment and probation. Imprisonment is extremely expensive, often too harsh for both the offender and his/her family based on the crime committed, and tends to be far less effective than hopedRead More Deterrence, Rational and Restorative Justice Theories Essay1911 Words   |  8 Pagescelerity of punishment, proportionality, specific and general deterrence† (Burke, 2009). In order for the punishment to be effective it has to be certain, swift, severe. Certainty is more important than the severity in deterring crime. Deterrence theory confirms that if the punishment contains these three elements people will rationally calculate that there is more to be lost than there is to be gained from crime (Gordon, 2010). Deterrence functions in two ways. General deterrence is the punishment of the

Universal Healthcare Free Essays

Universal Health Care The issue of health care is a widely debated issue in the United States today. The United States spends more on health care than any other country in the world, but there are 48. 6 million people that do not have health insurance. We will write a custom essay sample on Universal Healthcare or any similar topic only for you Order Now The United States also has one of the lowest life expectancies in the industrialized world, and 45,000 people die every year due to a lack of health care. The United States Congress passed the Affordable Care Act in 2010 to try to correct some of these problems. Unfortunately, conservatives and Liberals cannot agree on the subject of health care (Kleinstuber). The health care system should be changed so that universal health care is enacted in the United States. With universal health care, citizens of the United States will become healthier, therefore, people have better opportunity to obtain human capital. Also, the benefits outweigh the detriments in the case for universal health care with some small changes with how it works. The implementation of universal health care would benefit the United States’ economy and society’s welfare. Thousands of US citizens suffer every day from a lack of health care. This has become a serious problem in the US, and it needs to be changed. There are over 45 million people who are uninsured in the US (Ireland). Of these 45 million uninsured people, about 9. 4 percent of them are children under age 18 (Todd and Sommers). Many of these uninsured people did not have the same opportunity to obtain human capital as others did, therefore, they are stuck in the lower class without employer-sponsored health care. With universal health care enacted in the US, these healthier people would have better chance at obtaining human capital. In effect, children grow up healthier, and they have better attendance at school and have a better chance to become successful in the future. Universal health care will lead to a more prosperous, opportunistic society. Universal health care has more benefits than it does detriments. Described by Jae Ireland in her article â€Å"Pros and Cons of Free Universal Health Care,† the pros of universal health care are extended care, reducing medical costs, and the proof of the success of universal health care (Ireland). The cons of universal health care are raised taxes, competition between doctors and hospitals would disappear, and there will be longer wait times at health care offices and emergency rooms. Of course, with universal health care, every citizen in the US will have free health coverage. This will result in a healthier and happier citizens. A disadvantage of the enactment of universal health care in the raising of taxes. This increasing of taxes could be eased by the decreasing of some other taxes. Although this is true, the cost of medical costs will go down without privatized health care. With the medical costs decreasing, the amount the US spends on health care per person would decrease from how much they pay for Medicaid and Medicare. A disadvantage of universal health care is the potential loss of competition between doctors and hospitals (Ireland). This does not have to happen though. The government could still pay doctors based on their skills and how important they are to society and the medical community. Also, make sure that patients can choose their own doctors so that doctors can still compete for patients. This ensures that doctors and hospitals still have good incentive to do adequate work for patients. Another benefit of universal health care is the proof of the success of universal health care with other countries such as France, Italy, and Spain. These countries show that it universal health care can work with many benefits. These countries are able to provide universal health care with a much smaller percentage of their GDP than the US is currently using. Also, many countries with universal health care prove its success with longer life expectancies than the United States. A drawback of universal health care is that patients are put on waiting lists for appointments since there will be many more patients (Ireland). On the other hand, this may be able to be changed. Policies that make sure patients with more extreme reasons for the need of medical attention get treated before patients with less serious reasons for medical attention. With some of the changes to the harms of universal health care, the implementation of universal health care in the United States would be undoubtedly beneficial. In essence, universal health care can be very beneficial to the United States in multiple ways. With universal health care, citizens of the United States will have a better chance to attain human capital, and they will have a better chance to be successful. Also, with some minor changes to the universal health care system, the benefits outweigh the detriments. The implementation of universal health in the United States would create a better society and improve the well-being of their citizens. How to cite Universal Healthcare, Papers

Captain Queeg Essay Example For Students

Captain Queeg Essay Names are removed for security reasons. Have you ever been acquainted with a person who makes a lifelong impact? A person who, although the exact opposite you in every aspect, showed you the right path to take? Someone with whom your life would be entirely different having not known them. I have had the honor to have has met such a person. His name is Captain XXXXXX. Captain XXXXXX was a competent, intelligent and dedicated Naval officer who had just taken over command of our ship after the previous captain had been transferred. He was not impressive in stature but, just by the way he comported himself he seemed a whole lot larger. For the first few days, he was to be found everywhere on the ship, asking questions and making suggestions on how things could be done better. As he grew accustomed to the ways the ship was being run, and the crew to his presence, he seemed like a fair and reasonable type of commanding officer. That image was due to fade very quickly in a few weeks. I was the Leading petty officer for the OI division onboard the ship. OI Division consisted of 55 Operations Specialist (OS) who were responsible for gathering, processing, displaying, evaluating and disseminating pertinent tactical data from various sources. These sources included air and surface radars, sonar, electronic warfare and intelligence. Our group had one of the highest stress jobs imaginable especially when at sea for operations because each individual had to accomplish five tasks at one time. My approach to running the division, at the time, was one where I removed the needless items and tried to keep everything light and easy. I figured that since the job and duties were already stressful enough, why add to the anxiety.About one month later, during our first time out to sea with the new captain, he decided to observe how my division did its job at sea. Usually there is not a problem with this because all the major officers are in our workspace all the time while at sea and everyone is use to their presence. This time however, for some unknown reason, the very moment the captain came into the room everyone started to make foolish mistakes. What made matters worse as they tried to correct the mistakes the captain would question them and the mistakes multiplied. It seems rather humorous now when I look back on the situation. Individuals would could control five F-14 aircraft at one time blindfolded, talk on two radios simultaneously and write backwards, now reduced to blithering morons trying to fit a square peg in a round hole. You could sense the tension level rising and I could see that the captain was becoming perturbed by not getting the answers he wanted. The captain immediately asked who was in charge, to which I spoke up and said I was. He motioned for me to step outside the workcenter with him where he began to chew me out up one side and down the other. He told me, in the most glowing terms available, that it was the most pathetic group of people he had ever seen. I tried to explain that everyone was nervous because they were trying to make a good impression for him. My explanation seemed to have no effect and the captain essentially told me to get them to straightened up or he would do it himself. As he stormed back to his stateroom, I though to myself Well now, isnt this pleasant. This was someone I had to deal with on a daily basis while conducting my duties. I also found out later, from others onboard the ship, that my run-in with the captain was not an isolated incident and it was happening to the other divisions. .uddc5af172eabef4ee009abbe8f7d12d7 , .uddc5af172eabef4ee009abbe8f7d12d7 .postImageUrl , .uddc5af172eabef4ee009abbe8f7d12d7 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uddc5af172eabef4ee009abbe8f7d12d7 , .uddc5af172eabef4ee009abbe8f7d12d7:hover , .uddc5af172eabef4ee009abbe8f7d12d7:visited , .uddc5af172eabef4ee009abbe8f7d12d7:active { border:0!important; } .uddc5af172eabef4ee009abbe8f7d12d7 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uddc5af172eabef4ee009abbe8f7d12d7 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uddc5af172eabef4ee009abbe8f7d12d7:active , .uddc5af172eabef4ee009abbe8f7d12d7:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uddc5af172eabef4ee009abbe8f7d12d7 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uddc5af172eabef4ee009abbe8f7d12d7 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uddc5af172eabef4ee009abbe8f7d12d7 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uddc5af172eabef4ee009abbe8f7d12d7 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uddc5af172eabef4ee009abbe8f7d12d7:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uddc5af172eabef4ee009abbe8f7d12d7 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uddc5af172eabef4ee009abbe8f7d12d7 .uddc5af172eabef4ee009abbe8f7d12d7-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uddc5af172eabef4ee009abbe8f7d12d7:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Mcteague and the mayor of casterbridge EssayShortly thereafter, the captain announced, over the ships loudspeaker, that all officers not on watch were to assemble in the wardroom immediately. Our division officer left when the message was over and he did not return for about two hours. When the division officer returned, he called all senior petty officers into his office for a meeting. I knew something was wrong when the officer closed the door. The Lieutenant told us that the meeting with the captain was not good. He went on to tell us that the captain was not pleased with the ship and the crews conduct and then gave us a list of the things that were wrong. The list was four legal pages long, front and back, of the most meaningless and picayune infractions. As I read through the list, I thought to myself what have we gotten ourselves into with this new captain.I promptly bestowed the nickname of Captain Queeg on him because he was similar in manner to the captain in the movie The Caine Mutiny.For anyone not familiar with Captain Queeg, in the movie, the moment he arrived on board, he imposes a strict disciplinary code on the U.S.S. Caine with a manic emphasis on cleanliness. The previous captain was affable, approachable and well liked and respected by the entire crew. His style of leadership was what I modeled mine after. Keep it simple and easy but this new captain was different. He was, as I came to find out in numerous future meetings, dictatorial, obstinate and critical. If something did not meet with his standards, he would immediately correct the problem however he saw fit. Tact was not one of his strong suits and he was prone to shouting at subordinates whenever and wherever. Everything was to be done the way the captain wanted it done. I already knew I did not like this new captain at all. After a few weeks the, what seemed to be, daily berating schedule was becoming less frequent and I started to see the method to the captains madness. Although I was never able to know more about the captain personally, on a professional level I started to understand him. I realized that he wanted people to reach inside themselves to find that little something extra that everyone is capable of providing. Not just settle for the mediocre or enough to get by with but, to strive to provide the best results at any task set before you. Of course he was a hard taskmaster and expected 110%, he was the captain. The problem was not his, it was that the crew and people in charge had forgotten the basics of how to be productive. I had to step back and look at things the way the captain saw them. This gave me the chance to bring up the reputation of the division in the captains eyes. I gathered up the division and told them of what I believed was the secret of how to keep the captain content. The plan was that we would set the example by not just settling for enough to get by but, upgrading our standards to what he expected. Of course, there were the usual cries of dissatisfaction with the entire situation. I went on to explain that it was for our own good to bring ourselves up to the captains standards to prevent future problems. From then on, anytime information that was relayed to others, we ensured it was much more than what was needed. When morning muster was called, our division would be the first to arrive and last to leave. Our berthing and work areas were kept immaculate. There was more but, the ace in the hole was whenever the captain entered the workspace, someone would shout Captain in Combat and those who could would jump to attention. This plan of action seemed to work because the very next day the captain walked into the workspace and found most of the people at attention. I noticed a slight smile cross his face and, with a quick carry on from him, he left the room. There was a collective sigh of relief as everyone looked at each other with the satisfaction of now knowing what the secret to working with and keeping the captain happy. .uef46996ed02171370ee3bd9fd63e1e10 , .uef46996ed02171370ee3bd9fd63e1e10 .postImageUrl , .uef46996ed02171370ee3bd9fd63e1e10 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uef46996ed02171370ee3bd9fd63e1e10 , .uef46996ed02171370ee3bd9fd63e1e10:hover , .uef46996ed02171370ee3bd9fd63e1e10:visited , .uef46996ed02171370ee3bd9fd63e1e10:active { border:0!important; } .uef46996ed02171370ee3bd9fd63e1e10 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uef46996ed02171370ee3bd9fd63e1e10 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uef46996ed02171370ee3bd9fd63e1e10:active , .uef46996ed02171370ee3bd9fd63e1e10:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uef46996ed02171370ee3bd9fd63e1e10 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uef46996ed02171370ee3bd9fd63e1e10 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uef46996ed02171370ee3bd9fd63e1e10 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uef46996ed02171370ee3bd9fd63e1e10 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uef46996ed02171370ee3bd9fd63e1e10:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uef46996ed02171370ee3bd9fd63e1e10 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uef46996ed02171370ee3bd9fd63e1e10 .uef46996ed02171370ee3bd9fd63e1e10-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uef46996ed02171370ee3bd9fd63e1e10:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: 12 Angry Men EssayIt took a few months but slowly and surely everything started to fall into place. The crew stopped complaining and started working better together. This made me realize that maybe this captains style of leadership had its good points at the cost of being popular. I still used this method today, in that, I come right out with what I expect from people who are assigned to me. I notice the initial resentment but after a brief time they start to understand why we do our job this way. Bibliography:none

Pros and Cons of Us Healthcare System free essay sample

Canada spends far less of its GDP on health care (10. 4 percent, versus 16 percent in the U. S. ) yet performs better than the U. S. on two commonly cited health outcome measures, the infant mortality rate and life expectancy. But what constitutes high quality health care? The U. S. Institute of Medicine’s definition, which has grounded expert work in the United States and elsewhere, describes quality as â€Å"the degree to which health services for individuals and populations increase the likelihood of desired health outcomes and are consistent with current professional knowledge. A healthcare system can be reviewed by many standards. It can be reviewed by its effectiveness and efficiency, its fairness and receptiveness to the expectations of its population. It can be reviewed through its non-discriminatory economic contributions and suitability and lastly, it can be reviewed through its population’s overall health. Both the Unites States and Canada have Medicare prog rams that are publicly funded. We will write a custom essay sample on Pros and Cons of Us Healthcare System or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page However, the United States unlike Canada has other types of programs that are publicly funded. These programs for example include the States Childs Health Insurance Program (SCHIP) for children of low income families and the Veterans Hospital Administration Program (VA) which supplies military veterans’ with health benefits via a network of government hospitals. Canada’s government in contrast to the U. S. offers a single payer system for health care to its citizens where fundamental services are supplied by private physicians (socialized medicine). Physician care in the U. S. is typically provided by a physician in private practice but can come from the government as well. A good number of U. S. and Canadian physicians also utilize a fee per visit rate. Roughly 2/3 of hospitals in the United States’ urban areas are non-profit hospitals unlike Canada. Numerous citizens in both countries encounter difficulties obtaining access to health care. Many U. S. citizens either have no health insurance because they are not able to afford it or it is inadequate, unlike Canada where all members of society are covered for health care. Both Canada and the U. S. have restricted programs that supply prescriptions to the underprivileged. A number of provinces in Canada still charge individuals and families premiums and in the U. S, states like Connecticut and Minnesota have moved toward Universal Health Care. For the most part both countries seem to hold equal acceptability and equal restrictions. Essentially, when comparing and contrasting the U. S. and Canada, the Canadian health care system has a smaller number of physicians as oppose to the United States but there is more government involvement in the Canadian health care system than in the United States We will explore the positives and negatives of the U. S. and Canadian healthcare system. Given the presence of social insurance programs in the United States, this paper will evaluate the role of managed care approaches in meeting the cost-containment, access, and quality objectives of the two Health Care Programs in the United States and Canada. We will attempt to compare and contrast the benefits and liabilities inherent in the two neighboring countries. We will also focus our study on problem analysis; try to offer solutions and recommendations; and justify why our recommended solution and implementation will solve the identified problems. We will also determine which country’s approach is the most effective. Comparative Study of United States and Canadas Health Care System I. Problem/Issue Statement Medicare is facing a fiscal crisis that threatens its sustainability. The need for significant Medicare reform is increasingly urgent as 76 million baby boomers are expected to retire over the next two decade. According to the 201 Medicare Trustees Report, the Hospital Insurance trust fund will be depleted in 2024. This translates to $27 trillion in unfunded liabilities over the next 75 years. Current projections indicate that health care costs will increase by more that 70 percent over the next ten years and will continue thereafter to consume an increasingly greater portion of personal income. For Americans, health care coverage depends primarily on whether health insurance is provided by their employer or through two major public programs, Medicaid for the poor and Medicare for the elderly. For both public and private employees, health care benefits and cost vary tremendously. By making workers dependent upon their employer for health care, there is an extra burden on workers who are forced to change or lose their jobs in the U. S. Also, a growing number of people with a history of health problems, or with what insurance companies deem to be preexisting conditions, find themselves uninsurable. With rising health care costs, many employers in the private sector do not provide any health care benefits at all. Most employers, whether private or public, are attempting to shift the cost of health care programs onto workers. Medicare, for example, now covers only about 40% of the health care costs of the aged. II. Literature Review In 2009, Americans spent $7,960 per person on health care, while our neighbors in Canada spent $4,808. There are many possible explanations for why Americans pay so much more. It could be that we’re sicker. Or that we go to the doctor more frequently. But on close inspection, found that Americans don’t see the doctor more often or stay longer in the hospital than residents of other countries. Quite the opposite, we spend less time in the hospital and see the doctor less often than the Canadians. The United States spends more on health care than Canada without providing more services than Canada. Canada’s Health Care prices are set by the government. The creation of Medicare in Canada in 1966 rapidly led to government funding of much of the health system. The American government has also has become deeply involved in the delivery of health care, but has not created a system of universal government coverage. Comparing and Contrasting the U. S. Health Care System A healthcare system can be reviewed by many standards. It can be reviewed by its effectiveness and efficiency, its fairness and receptiveness to the expectations of its population. It can be reviewed through its non-discriminatory economic contributions and suitability and lastly, it can be reviewed through its population’s overall health. Roughly two-thirds of hospitals in the United States’ urban areas are non-profit hospitals unlike Canada. Numerous citizens in both countries encounter difficulties obtaining access to health care. Many U. S. itizens either have no health insurance because they are not able to afford it or it is inadequate, unlike Canada where all members of society are covered for health care. Both Canada and the U. S. have restricted programs that supply prescriptions to the underprivileged. A number of provinces in Canada still charge individuals and families premiums and in the U. S, states like Connecticut and Minnesota have moved toward Universal Health Care. For the most part both countries seem to hold equal acceptability and equal restrictions. Essentially, when comparing and contrasting the U.S. and Canada, the Canadian health care system has a smaller number of physicians as oppose to the United States but there is more government involvement in the Canadian health care system than in the United States (Holt , 2007, Para 7,8, and 9). Pros and cons in the U. S and Canadian Health care Systems As usual there are pros and cons to the Canadian health care system. For example a small number of well-revealed and somewhat erroneous cases show that has a con, Canada’s health care system is in great need of improved urgent care for its citizens requiring immediate treatment. Another con is that Canadians also pay higher taxes to pay for health care. Further examination reveals that as a con, the Canadian health care system does a very meager job at handling and controlling chronic disease. Furthermore, as a major con, the health care system’s wait time for elective care is way beyond the required time a citizen should have to wait for treatment and this includes appointments with family physicians, specialists and elected surgical procedures (Suphan 2009, para. 6). On the other hand, when viewing the pros of the system, all Canadians have insurance coverage for hospital and physician services. The citizens do not have co-pays or deductibles on basic health care services. In addition, the majority of Canadian provinces supply coverage for programs such as home health care, long-term care, pharmaceuticals and durable health care equipment, though these services do have minimal co-pays. The main pro that Canada’s health care system has are its costs. Canada pays out roughly 10% of its economic value on healthcare plus Canadians essentially receive more of the majority of services. Just as Canada has pros and cons to its health care system, likewise the United States’ health care system has pros and cons. One of the pros of the U. S. health care system is that its medical research systems are some of the best in the world. Institutions such as the Mayo Clinic, Cleveland Clinic and the medical school at Harvard possess some of the most world-renowned researchers in the world because of the advances they are making in medicine and also because of the current free-market system. Another pro to the United States’ health care system is that Americans’ who have enough money for it or those who possess jobs with great benefits have some of the best health insurance plans in the world. One more advantage of the present U. S. health care system is that taxpayers do not sustain the cost coupled with supplying health care insurance to all single people. Furthermore, the U. S. health care system as a major pro pays health care for elderly and very poor. On the other side of United States health care system are its cons. For example one of the main cons of the present U. S. health care system is that Americans pay out a large amount extra for their health care, but the sad fact is, many American citizens are not any healthier than other citizens in other nations that pay out much less in funds for health care. The amount of money paid out on American health care is astounding to say the least. Another major drawback of the U. S. health care system is that a great majority of American citizens are in fact underinsured or worst case scenario, uninsured. Lastly, the United States’ health care system most major cons deal with the lack of health care access, high costs and comprehensive quality health care for everyone requiring health care. A 2007 review of all studies comparing health outcomes in Canada and the U. S. , in a Canadian peer-reviewed medical journal, found that health outcomes may be superior in patients cared for in Canada versus the United States, but differences are not consistent. (Guyatt et. al. , 2007) Life expectancy is longer in Canada, and its infant mortality rate is lower than that of the U. S. but there is debate about the underlying causes of these differences. The World Health Organizations ratings of health care system performance among 191 member nations, published in 2000, ranked Canada 30th and the U. S. 37th, and the overall health of Canadians 35th to the American 72nd. (The World Health Report 2007) Compare and Contrast Government involvement Canadas single-payer health care system is universa l, while in the United States, with its mixed public-private system, 16% are uninsured at any one time. The governments of both nations are closely involved in the delivery of health care. The central structural difference between the two is in health insurance. In Canada, the federal government is committed to providing funding support to its provincial governments for health care expenditures as long as the province in question abides by accessibility guarantees as set out in the Canada Health Act, which explicitly prohibits billing end users for procedures that are covered by Medicare. While some label Canadas system as socialized medicine, the term is controversial. Princeton University health economist Uwe E. Reinhardt says that single-payer systems are not socialized medicine but social insurance systems, because doctors are in the private sector. In the U. S. , direct federal and state government funding of health care needs of its citizens is limited to Medicare, Medicaid, and the State Childrens Health Insurance Program (SCHIP) insurance programs for eligible senior citizens, very poor, disabled persons, and children. One study estimates that about 25 percent of the uninsured in the U. S. are eligible for these programs but unenrolled, but extending coverage to all who are eligible remains a fiscal and political challenge. The federal government also runs the Veterans Administration, which provides care to veterans, their families, and survivors through medical centers and clinics. For everyone else, health insurance must be paid for privately. Just fewer than 60% of U. S. residents have access to health care insurance through employers, although the workers expected contribution to such plans varies widely. Those whose employer does not offer health insurance, as well as those who are self-employed or unemployed, must purchase it on their own. Despite the greater role of private business in the U. S. , federal and state agencies are increasingly involved in U. S. health care spending, paying about 45% of the $2. 2 trillion the nation spent on medical care in 2004. Beyond its direct spending, the U. S. government is also highly involved in health care through regulation and legislation. For example, the Health Maintenance Organization Act of 1973 provided grants and loans to subsidize Health Maintenance Organizations and contained provisions to stimulate their popularity. HMOs had been declining before the law; by 2002 there were 500 such plans enrolling 76 million people. The Canadian system has been 69-75% publicly funded, though a substantial portion of services are provided by private corporations, namely the privately incorporated medical practices of most physicians (however, despite the fact that many doctors will refer to their private clinics, these are in fact merely private corporations that derive nearly all their revenue through government billings). Although some doctors work on a purely fee-for-service basis (usually family physicians), some family physicians and most specialists are paid through a combination of fee-for-service and fixed contracts with hospitals or health service management organizations. Canadas universal health plan does not cover certain services. Non-cosmetic dental care is covered for children up to age 14 in some provinces. Prescription drugs are not covered, but some provinces have drug cost programs that cover most drug costs over a certain portion of a familys income. Drug prices are also regulated, so brand-name prescription drugs are often significantly cheaper than in the U. S. Optometry is only covered in some provinces and is sometimes only covered for children under a certain age. Visits to many specialists may require an additional fee. Also, some procedures are only covered under certain circumstances. For example, circumcision is not covered, and a fee is usually charged when a parent requests the procedure; however, if an infection or medical necessity arises, the procedure would be covered. Coverage and access In Canada, every citizen has coverage, but access can still be a problem. Based on 2003 data from the Canadian Community Health Survey, an estimated 1. 2 million Canadians do not have a regular doctor because they cannot find one, and just over twice that number do not have one because they havent looked. Those without a regular doctor are 3. 5 times more likely to visit an emergency room for treatment. In the U. S. , the federal government does not guarantee universal health care to all its citizens, but publicly funded health care programs help to provide for the elderly, disabled, the poor, and children. The Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act also ensure public access to emergency services regardless of ability to pay. Wait times One of the major complaints about the Canadian health care system is waiting times, whether for a specialist, major elective surgery, such as hip replacement, or specialized treatments, such as radiation for breast cancer. Studies by the Commonwealth Fund found that 24% of Canadians waited 4 hours or more in the emergency room, vs. 12% in the U. S. ; 57% waited 4 weeks or more to see a specialist, vs. 23% in the U. S. In a 2003 survey of hospital administrators conducted in Canada, the U. S. , and three other countries, 21% of Canadian hospital administrators, but less than 1% of American administrators, said that it would take over three weeks to do a biopsy for possible breast cancer on a 50-year-old woman; 50% of Canadian administrators versus none of their American counterparts said that it would take over six months for a 65-year-old to undergo a routine hip replacement surgery. Yet U. S. administrators were the most negative about their countrys health care system. Hospital executives in all five countries expressed concerns about staffing shortages and emergency department waiting times and quality. In the U. S. , patients on Medicaid, the low-income government programs, can wait three months or more to see specialists. Because Medicaid payments are so low, doctors dont want to see Medicaid patients. In Benton Harbor, Michigan, specialists agreed to spend one afternoon every week or two at a Medicaid clinic, which meant that Medicaid patients had to make appointments not at the doctors office, but at the clinic, where appointments had to be booked months in advance. Price of health care Health care is one of the most expensive items of both nations’ budgets. The U. S. government spends more per capita on health care than the government does in Canada. In 2004, the government of Canada spent $2,120 (in US dollars) per person on health care, while the United States government spent $2,724. However, U. S. government spending covers less than half of all health care costs. Private spending for health care is also far greater in the U. S. than in Canada. In Canada, an average of $917 was spent annually by individuals or private insurance companies for health care, including dental, eye care, and drugs. In the U. S. , this number is $3,372. In 2004, health care consumed 15. 4% of U. S. annual GDP. In Canada, only 9. 8% of GDP was spent on health care. This difference is a relatively recent development. In 1971 the nations were much closer, with Canada spending 7. 1% of GDP on health while the U. S. spent 7. 6%. The health share of gross domestic product (GDP) in America is expected to hold steady in 2006 before resuming its historical upward trend, reaching 19. 6 percent of GDP by 2016. The mixed system in the United States has become more similar to the Canadian system. In recent decades, managed care has become prevalent in the United States, with some 90% of privately insured Americans belonging to plans with some form of managed care. Managed care is when the insurance company controls patients health care to reduce costs, for instance by demanding a second opinion prior to any expensive treatment. Administrative costs for health care are higher in the United States than in Canada. Medical professionals Some of the extra money spent in the United States goes to doctors, nurses, and other medical professionals, all of whom receive higher compensation than their counterparts north of the border. According to health data collected by the OECD, average income for physicians in the United States in 1996 was nearly twice that for physicians in Canada. Canada has fewer doctors per capita than the United States. In the U. S, there were 2. 4 doctors per 1,000 people in 2005; in Canada, there were 2. 2. Some doctors leave Canada to pursue career goals or higher pay in the U. S. Many Canadian physicians and new medical graduates also go to the U. S. for post-graduate training in medical residencies. Often new and cutting-edge sub-specialties are more widely available in the U. S. as opposed to Canada. However, statistics published in 2005 by the Canadian Institute for Health Information (CIHI), show that, for the first time since 1969 (the period for which data are available), more physicians returned to Canada than moved abroad. Drugs Both Canada and the United States have limited programs to provide prescription drugs to those in need. In the United States the introduction of Medicare Part D has extended partial coverage for pharmaceuticals to Medicare beneficiaries. In Canada all drugs given in hospitals fall under Medicare, but other prescriptions do not. The provinces all have some programs to help the poor and seniors have access to drugs, but while there have been calls to create one, no national program exists. About two thirds of Canadians have private prescription drug coverage, mostly through their employers. In both countries there is a significant population not fully covered by these programs. A 2005 study found that 20% of Canadas and 40% of Americas sicker adults did not fulfill a prescription because of cost. One of the most important differences between the two countries is the much higher cost of drugs in the United States. In the United States $728 per capita is spent each year on drugs, while in Canada it is $509. At the same time consumption is higher in Canada, with about 12 prescriptions being filled per person each year in Canada and 10. 6 in the United States. The main difference is that patented drug prices in Canada average between 35% and 45% lower than in the United States. The price differential for brand-name drugs between the two countries has led Americans to purchase pward of US$1 billion in drugs per year from Canadian pharmacies. Technology The United States spends more on technology than Canada. The study Medical Imaging in Canada, 2004 reported that in 2004, Canada had 4. 6 MRI scanners per million population while the United States had 19. 5 per million. Canadas 10. 3 CT scanners per million also ranked behind the United States, which had 29. 5 per million. Malpract ice litigation The extra cost of malpractice lawsuits accounts for some of the difference in health spending in the two countries. In Canada the total cost of settlements, legal fees, and insurance comes to $4 per person each year, but in the United States it is $16. Average payouts to American plaintiffs were $265,103, while payouts to Canadian plaintiffs were somewhat higher, averaging $309,417. However, malpractice suits are far more common in the U. S. , with 350% more suits filed each year per person. While malpractice costs are significantly higher in the U. S. , they make up only a small proportion of total medical spending. The total cost of defending and settling malpractice lawsuits in the U. S. n 2001 was approximately $6. 5bn, or 0. 46% of total health spending. Critics say that defensive medicine consumes up to 9% of American healthcare expenses. In the same year in Canada, the total burden of malpractice suits was $237 million, or 0. 27% of total health spending. Ancillary expenses There are a number of ancillary costs that are higher in the U. S. Administrative costs are significantly higher in th e U. S. ; government mandates on record keeping and the diversity of insurers, plans and administrative layers involved in every transaction result in greater administrative effort. One recent study comparing administrative costs in the two countries found that these costs in the U. S. are roughly double what they are in Canada. Another ancillary cost is marketing both by insurance companies and health care providers. These costs are relatively higher in the U. S. , contributing to higher overall costs in that nation. Health care outcomes In 2007, Gordon H. Guyatt et al. conducted a meta-analysis, or systematic review, of all studies that compared health outcomes for similar conditions in Canada and the U.S. , in Open Medicine, an open-access peer-reviewed Canadian medical journal. They concluded, Available studies suggest that health outcomes may be superior in patients cared for in Canada versus the United States, but differences are not consistent. Guyatt identified 38 studies addressing conditions including cancer, coronary artery disease, chronic medical illnesses and surgical procedures. Of 10 studies with the strongest statistical validity, 5 favored Can ada, 2 favored the United States, and 3 were equivalent or mixed. Of 28 weaker studies, 9 favored Canada, 3 favored the United States, and 16 were equivalent or mixed. Overall, results for mortality favored Canada with a 5% advantage, but the results were weak and varied. The only consistent pattern was that Canadian patients fared better in kidney failure. Canadians are, overall, statistically healthier than Americans and show lower rates of many diseases such as various forms of cancer. On the other hand, evidence suggests that with respect to some illnesses (such as breast cancer), those who do get sick have a higher rate of cure in the U. S. than in Canada. In terms of population health, life expectancy in 2006 was about two and a half years longer in Canada, with Canadians living to an average of 79. 9 years and Americans 77. 5 years. Infant and child mortality rates are also higher in the U. S. Some comparisons suggest that the American system underperforms Canadas system as well as those of other industrialized nations with universal coverage. For example, a ranking by the World Health Organization of health care system performance among 191 member nations, published in 2000, ranked Canada 30th and the U. S. 7th, and the overall health of Canada 35th to the American 72nd The Positive Aspects of the United States Healthcare System. United States have lower cancer mortality rates than Canadians. Breast cancer mortality is 9% higher, prostate cancer is 184% higher and colon cancer mortality for males is 10% higher in comparison with the United States. United States have a higher ground gateway to chronic diseases trea tment than patients in other developed countries. For example: 56% of United States patients are beneficiaries of statins to reduce cholesterol levels and heart disease protection. United States has improved access to preventive cancer screening than Canadians. Proportionally to the age/population groups who had consigned from prescribed tests for cervical, prostate, breast and colon cancer: * 89% of middle aged American women had received a mammography in comparison to less than 72% of Canadians. * 96% of American women had received a pap smear, in comparison to less than 90% of Canadians. * 54% of American males have received a PSA test, in comparison to less than 16% Canadians. * 30% of Americans have received a colonoscopy, in comparison of the 5% of Canadians. Lower income Americans are in better health than comparable Canadians. American senior citizens with incomes under the median are reported as having excellent health in contrast with Canadian seniors 11. 7% vs. 5. 8%. Americans spend less time waiting for care than patients in Canada. Canadian patients have waited the double time lapse to go to a specialist to receive these types of healthcare services for example: radiation therapy or surgery replacements. Approximately 827,429 Canadians are on waiting lists for medical procedures. People in countries with more government control of health care are highly dissatisfied and believe reform is needed. 70 percent or more citizens from Canada, Germany, Australia, etc. , adults think that their health system needs to be reform. On recent satisfaction polls Americans are more satisfied with their healthcare than Canadians. When Americans were asked about their healthcare not their healthcare system 51. 3% were satisfied in comparison to a 41. 5% of Canadians the dissatisfaction level was 6. 8% for Americans and 8. 5% to Canadians. Americans have easier access to new medical technologies than patients in Canada. American health specialists have concluded that (MRI) magnetic resonance imaging and (CT) computerized tomography are the major helpers to improve patient well-being. The United States account for CT’s is 34 scanners per million Americans, in comparison of 12 per Canadians. For MRI’s the count is 27 machines per million Americans in contrast of 6 per million of Canadians. American medical facilities are responsible for almost all the health care discoveries and technologies. U. S. ospitals have conducted more clinical research than any other country. Since the 1970s, the Nobel Prize in medicine or physiology has been awarded to American recipients. The Negative Aspects of the United States Healthcare System First, is the U. S. A’s health care system productively efficient relative to Canada’s health care system? Second, is the U. S. A. ’s problem of rising health care costs a particular concern? Although no country can claim to have eliminated inefficiency, the US’s high costs stand out. Thirdly, what effect does the U. S. A. ’s uninsured have on the Health Care system? Lastly, how does the restriction in choice of health care effect the USA? U. S. A. ’s Health Care’s Rising Costs Healthcare costs will continue to increase in the foreseeable future. Americans are dissatisfied with their health care system (Schoen, et. al. , 2007) but also spend more than the citizens of other countries. Other countries negotiate very aggressively with the providers and set rates that are much lower than we do. In America, Medicare and Medicaid negotiate prices on behalf of their tens of millions of members and, not coincidentally, purchase care at a substantial markdown from the commercial average. But outside that, it’s a free-for-all. Providers largely charge what they can get away with, often offering different prices to different insurers, and an even higher price to the uninsured. â€Å"Organizations of all sizes can embrace to take advantage of the rapid changes that our healthcare system will likely deliver in the next few years by positioning the organization to take a â€Å"proactive† approach to rising health care costs. So who’s to blame: Drug companies, insurers, politicians, lawyers, and the bad habits of Americans all figure into high and rising health-care costs? But the biggest contributors to high costs—doctors and hospitals—get off easier among consumers, our survey found. Sellers of healthcare services in America have considerable power to set prices, and so they set them quite high and they set them with margins as high as almost 20 percent. Unfortunately, the 2010 health-reform law does little to directly address prices. It includes provisions forcing hospitals to publish their prices, which ultimately would bring more transparency to this issue. † (Miller, 2008) Consequently, when all is said and done, health is a business in the United States. Restriction in Choice of Health Care One aspect of the USA’s Health Care system is that today’s employer-based insurance system restricts individuals’ choice of insurance, and many people are locked into jobs for fear of losing coverage. In the early 1990s, when insurers tried to reinvent themselves by embracing managed care, health insurers and employers sought to sharply limit patients’ choice in health care providers. Instead of just paying doctor and hospital bills, insurers also assumed a greater role in their customers’ medical care by restricting what specialists they could see or which hospitals they could go to. The issue of health care freedom is not discussed much in the debate over health care policy. Unfortunately, most policymakers prefer that government tell health care consumers what they can purchase and what treatments they can receive. Most do not favor greater health care freedom, which means the health care consumer is paramount, not a government bureaucrat or politician. Health Care’s Uninsured â€Å"A record rise in the number of people without health insurance across the nation is fueling renewed debate over a health care law that could work better at boosting coverage than controlling costs.

Conflict Mode Assessment

Conflict Mode Assessment Introduction A conflict is a form of disagreement between parties leading to a confrontation. This arises in most cases due to people’s difference in ideology or lack of mutual interest in a certain activity.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Conflict Mode Assessment specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Settlement of conflicts has to take place amicably in order to play down the harmful impacts that they may cause in an organization (Jellison, 2006). The paper highlights conflict using a â€Å"job interview† scenario, where the person is supposed to solve a conflict arising due to unexpected challenges. Convectional wisdom is an essential requirement when solving conflicts of any magnitude to ensure sustainable relationships regardless of change. The Thomas Kilman conflict model consists of five modes used when managing conflicts and changes. It based on human behaviors of assertiveness or cooperativeness as a form of action in adjusting to changes caused by conflicts. Competing being the first mode, involves assertiveness and self-centered actions when handling conflicts. The intention is to use all channels available to triumph in a scenario. It can engage individual using their rights in obtaining power of control in a situation. This action has a score of five in a continuum (Jellison, 2006). Accommodating is not assertive, contrary to competing, the next party is considered in a conflict. It engages another’s point of view, normally awarded a score of nine in a continuum.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Avoiding, which is the third mode, also has a score of five is not assertive and is usually uncooperative. A conflict to be solved is neglected in this case either temporary or permanently. Collaborative is a mutual mode of solving conflicts where both party’s interests are looked into (Jellison, 2006). It involves self-sacrifices where necessary when handling issues analytically, normally given a score of five, which translates to 40% using percentage. Lastly, compromise is an intermediary form of conflict management, the agreement made satisfies both parties. Compromise addresses issues directly and is normally in a score of six. Compromising mode is the preferred style of conflict management in the scenario above. There has to be mutual agreement amidst the parties involved due to unexpected situations. The interview is of much benefit to one party while solving the accident is beneficial to all. An understanding might result to a solution that benefits all the parties using compromising mode. It is only by the compromising mode of conflict management that a win-win situation is possible (Jellison, 2006). Compromising model minimizes the chances of conflict aggravating, since there can be a clash of interest amidst two parties. This m ode is suitable in solving problems of dynamic nature when under pressure. This mode allows for exploration of other channels when settling disputes, normally preferred in cases of emergency. Compromise reduces the sensitive nature of a problem at hand in this case the interview is of much importance than parking the car.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Conflict Mode Assessment specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More For the competing mode, there will be assertiveness in insisting on the right to parking. This overlooks other people’s interests. Collaborating mode will involve integrating the interests of the other party. It will delve much into issues thus complicating the conflict auxiliary from the initial intention. Avoiding the conflict does not apply in this case since it will provide no solution when managing conflicts. Avoiding is suitable when the issue at hand is of a smaller magnitude, thus negligible (Je llison, 2006). Accommodating will result to less solution for urgent cases requiring immediate solutions while benefits is to the other party more than self. Competing mode is difficult to work with, since a good number of conflicts results from competition between parties. This mode generates unpopular decisions when sorting out problems and it is more self-centered limiting other people’s opinions that might be useful in the end. This conflict mode is only useful in groups that uphold integrity and high values when conducting operations. It is much dependent on an individual as opposed to other models in handling conflicts. References Jellison, J. (2006). Managing the dynamics of change: the fastest path to creating an engaged and productive workforce. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Professional.

Elizabeth Taylor's personality Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Elizabeth Taylor's personality - Term Paper Example 10). This was her first film role, and she played the role of a young equestrian who was competing in a national championship event. This role in National Velvet landed her other subsequent, but perhaps less notable roles, until she filmed Cleopatra, which rocketed her to cult star status. According to Royster (2003), â€Å"Indeed, for the rest of her life, Elizabeth Taylor tended most often to apply the excessive blue eyelid makeup designed for Cleopatra† (pp. 225). What Ms. Taylor is also known for is her elaborate relationships. According to the biographical news article â€Å"Elizabeth Taylor: News Stories About Elizabeth Taylor† (2011), â€Å"During her 79 years, Elizabeth Taylor appeared in more than 50 films, won two Oscars, and was married eight times to seven men† (pp. 1). Ms. Taylor also had several romances. According to the Elizabeth Taylor Biography article (2011), â€Å"Elizabeth's marital affairs have been a target of many tabloids† (pp. 1). Ms. Taylor did much charitable work. According to the article â€Å"In Loving Memory of Dame Elizabeth Taylor† (2011), she worked tirelessly for raising charitable donations to AIDS victims, gaining more federal funding for AIDS research (pgh. 4). Until her death, she was always supporting her various causes. As stated in Elizabeth Taylor’s Charity Work, Events, and Causes (2011), Ms. Taylor also worked to ensure the ethical treatment of animals by supporting the foundation entitled Dogs Deserve Better (pgh. 1). Certainly, Ms. Taylor was a woman of remarkable talents with assets to further her causes—which were extensions of her graceful and compassionate heart. Hopefully others will follow her example. An Analysis of Liz Taylor’s Behavior, Personality Traits and Observations About Feelings, Values, and Social Relationships Ms. Taylor’s behavior, personality traits, and some observations about her feelings, values, and social relationships will be discussed here. Ms. Taylor was never much of a â€Å"drama queen†Ã¢â‚¬â€except when it came to acting as well as personal life. She was not a standoffish person, but rather was a warm and kind individual thrust into the spotlight of fame perhaps a bit early. However, Ms. Taylor handled all of her interactions with grace and beauty. Even in her declining years, when she no longer could walk by herself, Ms. Taylor radiated a certain glow about her that was unmistakable. One of Ms. Taylor’s personality traits included the fact that she was a serial monogamist—at least, when she wasn’t having an extramarital affair. Why is it that under the long shadow cast by â€Å"old† studio Hollywood, such behavior was tolerated? Liz Taylor was indeed a beautiful woman, but what may have compelled her to get involved in such destructive relationships? Of course, no one can really entirely map out the reasons why someone would engage in romances on the side, but i t may have spoken to Ms. Taylor because—even though she was very rich—she was continually dissatisfied with what she had or who she was with seemingly many times. Having been married eight times, it seems that she would have been a very fickle wife. Perhaps it could be attributed to her vanity, but perhaps there is also a deeper meaning behind those divorces—that she was seeking something that she could not find in one man alone—

Trace character vs. fate theme Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Trace character vs. fate theme - Essay Example Nevertheless ancient civilizations of Europe: Greece and Rome had presented new outlooks, new philosophies and ethics which were based on humanism and materialism. Ancient Greek philosophers and dramaturges had presented a new, liberal and unique idea of human's place in the universe. It was a human-centered philosophy, based on ration, sensualism and freedom of thought. Plato's Allegory of the Cave has become classical example which presents the world we live in: "Behold! Human beings living in an underground cave, which has a mouth open towards the light and reaching all along the cave; here they have been from their childhood, and have their legs and necks chained so that they cannot move, and can only see before them, being prevented by the chains from turning round their heads. Above and behind them a fire is blazing at a distance, and between the fire and the prisoners there is a raised way; and you will see, if you look, a low wall built along the way, like the screen which marionette players have in front of them, over which they show the puppets." (Plato, 2000, p.297) Allegory of the Cave is a symbolic name as it implies that human's world is not a world of darkness, where there is no way out, where everything is preplanned and where everyone has his own fate. The word "cave" means that there exists a way out, and this way is will power, confidence and knowledge based on rationalism of enquiring mind. There exists a sun at the end of cave, and sun of knowledge and reason shines for everyone and creates harmony, confidence and promotes social progress. The freedom-loving and democratic spirit of Plato's works and of Allegory of the Cave in particular case witnesses about original and new philosophy of human-centered universe, where the fate meant nothing but a cave or prison, as it was only a "prison" of human's will and mind. Plato stated that: "the man who truly worships the stars does not need to enquire what fate they weave for him, he is lifted above the reach of fate in his communion. By becoming one with the stars, he becomes one with his own fate." (Plato, 2000,p.194) Plato continues his discourses about human will, human nature, feelings and reason in his another work The Symposium which is written in the form of dialogue (like "the allegory") of several prominent citizens of Athens: dramaturges and philosophers. The theme of conversation is love, a very contradictory theme and very subjective. Nevertheless The Symposium remains to be a classical reference for study of this theme. As every participant in the dialogue presents his own point of view, presents his arguments, myths and discourses about love, we see the diverse ethic atmosphere in Ancient Greece, such triumph of human reason and ethical thought. Through logical and exhaustive discourses about love in the dialogue of famous Greeks we observe the power of subjective thinking and power of speech through arguments. It's a dialogue of people who are confident in their ethical principles and are confident that they are able to change something in the surrounding word. Their speeches do not contain elements of mysticism in the volume we can find in works of earlier authors such as Homer for example, their

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder - Research Paper Example Worried that she might have an allergic attack, she cleans the house every couple of hours, never seemed to be satisfied that she did it right two hours ago. This action continues throughout the day, leaving little or no room for her other activities that are equally essential (Mayo Clinic Staff). Typically, obsessive compulsive disorder makes a person go through repeated actions that mainly originates from having distressing thoughts. These thoughts make the individual do or perform a certain action that is done over and over again in order to pacify the stress and anxiety that he or she is feeling (NIH: National Institute of Mental Health). The obsessions which come about constantly are often unreasonable, quite disturbing and in fact have no actual basis. The individual who suffers from obsessive compulsive disorder eventually realizes that the obsessive feeling and thoughts he or she is currently having distorts reality; and they feel incapable to control them because they go thr ough the same motions again and again (Mental Health America). Trying to stop or ignore the obsessions only heightens the feelings of apprehension and distress; while doing rituals or compulsions give short-term relief from the stress and discomfort brought about by having obsessions. Unfortunately, having obsessive compulsive disorder upsets a person’s daily living schedules and activities because the obsessions and subsequent compulsions makes it hard to concentrate in doing the normal activities which the person was accustomed to. The rituals or repetitive actions takes hours to do, sometimes the whole day making it quite impossible for the individual with obsessive compulsive disorder little time to do something more productive. If obsessive compulsive disorder is not properly addressed overtime, it can have a negative impact on all the aspects of a person’s life (The Anxiety Disorders Association of America (ADAA)). The theoretical causes of obsessive compulsive d isorder are biology, environment and inadequate seratonin. These causes are considered to be hypothetical since the true or actual cause of obsessive compulsive disorder is not fully known (Mayo Clinic Staff). Biology pertains to the study of plants and animals, which includes the normal chemistry and role of the brain in relation to the other parts of the body. It is contemplated by researchers that obsessive compulsive disorder is an end result of an irregular change in the normal working condition of the brain circuits, which may be due to an inadequate level of serotonin, a chemical messenger within the brain (Mayo Clinic Staff). The insufficient amount of such brain chemical affects the normal communication of brain parts that ultimately gives rise to the occurrence of obsessive compulsive disorder (Mental Health America). The environment is also said to contribute in the occurrence of obsessive compulsive disorder because of some behavior-related habits, which were acquired du ring the growing and developmental phase of a particular individual (Mayo Clinic Staff). The habits are generally inculcated from childhood to early teens where various factors that stem out of one’s surroundings are easily assimilated and are considered normal even if they are not within the norm or are socially unacceptable. Obsessive compulsiv

Key Elements Of Information System Information Technology Essay

Key Elements Of Information System Information Technology Essay The task has been assigned to me by my college which is the ABP awarding body certification requirement. I have completed the assignment after a thorough study of various sources such as books, journals and websites. OBJECTIVES: Describe the concept of Information Based System in organization. Describe how Information System works in organization. Describe the various types of Information Systems by breath of support. Identify the major Informational Systems that support each organisational level. Literature Review: 1) Information: Any raw data that is organized and verified to be accurate and timely for any purpose and presented within a context that gave it meaning and relevance and it leads to increase in understanding and decrease uncertainty. 1.1) Information System: When people utilize information or organizations by using technologies gather, process, store, use and disseminate information uses. Information System (IS) is a system that gave the information necessary for managers and management to run an organization effectively. IS and the information it gives are essential components of reasonable business decisions. Information industries help in providing growth in most economies of business. Every organization achieved it success on the bases of there information system. Due to change in technology and globalization of markets many industries are now trying to develop and improve there information system because they emphasizes on there information. Information system is not just a computer system but information and communication technology play a vital role in helping the organization to fulfill it needs. Information system refers to the system of people, data and activities both computer-based and manual that effectively gathers, process store and disseminate organization information. It is important to maintain the information system in organization and adopt new approaches for improvement in the development, use and reviews of IS system with in the organization must be an ongoing process of both bank management and OCC examiners. Every IS have clearly defined framework of guidelines, procedures policies and standards for different organizations. It should be fallowed by any organization for the development of its system and also to maintain and use all information where it necessary. Information System is used and viewed by all Management Levels. It helps the organization and supports them in long term strategic goals and objectives. It helps in financial accounting systems that are used to maintained control on all financial record keeping activities. Every organization should designed there Information System to achieve the following goals. Improve communication among employees. Deliver all complex and important material through out the institution. Provide a system for recording and processing information. Reduce all expanses related to labor, material and other activities. Help in achieving organization strategic goals and objective and provide direction. Organization a) Customers b) Retailers c) Employers Technology Websites Internets Collaborative Planning softwareà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s Management a) Develop growth b) Strategy c) Monitor services d) Level and cost Information System a) Customize Products b) Interact with customer c) Exchange ideas and reports d) Coordinate production with sales Business Solutions Increase customer services Increase revenues Reduce cost Business Challenges Mature Industry Inefficient Process Information System provides help and facts for decision making which support and improves overall decision making process. Information System also improves job performance through out the organization. It also provides help to all level of management. It gives the data and information and helps the management in making strategic decisions. It helps the organization in all activities to monitor, control and distributes information to all employees, customers. Effective Information system gives up-to-date presentation formats and time frames required by all management levels. Information System can be maintained manual or automated or both combine. Effective deliveries of an organization products and services are supported by Information system. These systems be accessible and used at all level of management and organization. Information System is also helpful in over all risk management strategy. Information system also help the organization to keep control, measure, monitor, recognize and manages all the activates, risk and Limits. Risk Management has four key elements. Policies or practices. Operational Processes Staff Management. Feed back Devices. Information system should be both operational and informational. So that management can use it to measure performance, manage resources and help organization with regulatory requirements. Information system also used to provide effective risk control which helps to maintain proper management and minimize risk through the organization. it also help the organization to make new policies help in practicing these policies provide up to date information in all operational process also help in making assignments duties and responsibilities for staff and managers. Data used in organization come from many finical records and transaction systems and proper control procedures must be setup to help in gathering relevant data and also help in correction of data. Information system organized and the data is gathered from different equipments i.e mainframes, microcomputer, minicomputer. Processing control help the system on smaller computer and pre defined and also effective as those commonly found on the larger mainframe system. The OCC fully endorses and supports placing these principles in writing to improve effective communications throughout the organization. Improving Weakness of Information System Risk. 1.2) Key Elements of Information System: To work properly and effectively the five key elements should be checked and functioned are: time lines, accuracy, consistency, completeness and relevance. Timeliness: Information system should be capable of providing distributing information to right users. Information system is capable of providing short and long reports of information. Information system also helps in processing, collecting and producing results from data. It also help in making correction, adjustments in errors found in data. Accuracy: Information System provides control checks in editing balancing. All the external internal audit programs done by organization provides the adequacy of internal control. Consistency: All the data should be process consistently and uniformly. Variations in data be collected and reported to information analyst. Because data collection and reporting process change over time management must establish procedures to allow systems changes. All the procedures should be documented, willdefind and clearly communicated to all related employees and should include proper effective monitoring system. Completeness: All the data and information provided by information system to management level should be complete and checked by all accepts. Relevance: All the information must be relevant to organization objectives and strategies. Information that is unnecessary or too detailed should be sorted out. 2) Information System as Bridge: Information system provides us bridge between management information science and computer science. Computer science provides information technology software. Information system brings all human activities and information technology to one place and it provides communication link between these two worlds. The system well serves the people and organization by using all the IT capabilities. To run this system properly it requires specialist people having knowledge of both computer world and organization and the people who using these systems. All the system should work with in the contexts of organization, management and the information society. To build a bridge like this between the information organization and people we need skills in programming, computer architecture and networks. Also we need techniques for information system analysis design by using all advance data base design methods and related professional and legal knowledge. 3) Level Types of Information Systems: Every business has different information system needs. It also depends upon different levels in organization. Three key information systems are Transaction processing system Management Information System Decision Support Systems The importance of information is different on different level of management. The information can categorise as strategic, managerial and operational information. The information used by senior management for decision making is Strategic information. The lower levels in the organization do not require this information. The information systems that gave information for decision is known as Decision Support Systems. Figure Relation of information systems to levels of organization The information used by the middle line of management is known as managerial information. The information used by middle line management help in making short-term decisions and plans for the organization. Information likes sales analysis or production details for the whole year. Information system is now days the necessity of all organizations to fulfil all the managerial activates. Due to its Importance, most of the big organizations have separate IS departments. Whose duty is to watch the use and proper functioning of the system. For daily and short term information we need third level of information. It help the operational level to carry out day to day operational activates. it also help in attendance record of employees. Information System gives information for processing transaction of the organization, that type of information system is known as Transaction Processing System or Data Processing System. For example information provided by such systems are processing of orders, evaluating overdue purchaser orders of marketing and sales departments.. 3. a) Transaction Processing Systems: Transaction Processing System the organization in there business transaction process. Any activity of the organizations can be called Transaction. Every organization has different transaction. For example, take a airline reservation system. Booking, cancelling, etc are all transactions. However, there are some transactions, which are common to almost all organizations. These include calculation, storage and retrieval. Speed and accuracy, can be achieved by TPS and can be programmed to follow routines functions of the organization. 3. b) Information System: Management takes help in solving problems and making decisions from it. They use transaction processing information and all relevant information also. It process queries as quickly as they arrive. An important element of IS is database. A database is a collection of data items that can be processed through application programs and available to many users. 3. c) Decision Support System: These systems help senior management in making long term decisions. With the help of this systems we can handle unstructured or semi structured both decisions. A decision will be unstructured if there are no clear procedures for making the decision. A decision support system must be easy to operate and also it should be flexible for all users so that they can produce reports by giving data and it should be format according to the situation explained. 4) Level of Management System: 4 .a) Operational-level Management System: This system helps the operational managers by keeping track of the all necessary activities and transactions of the organization. This system is answerable for the routine questions. It provides help in sales, receipts, cash deposits, payroll, credit decisions, and flow of materials. 4 .b) Knowledge-level Management System: Support knowledge and data workers in an organisation. The reason of these systems is to help the organisation discover, organise and integrate new and existing knowledge in to the business, and to help control the flow of paperwork. These systems, especially in the form of collaboration tools, workstations, and office systems, are the fastest growing applications in business today. 4 .c) Management-level Systems: At this level it helps in monitoring, controlling, decision-making, and administrative activities of middle managers. We can get periodic reports rather then information on operation. it also helps in non-routine decision-making, focusing on less-structured decisions for which information requirements are not always clear. 4 .d) Strategic-level Management System: Help senior management how to keep control and tack actions on strategic issues and long-term trends, wither it in the organization or related to external environment. Main reason is to use organisational capability with the changes, and opportunities, occurring in the medium to long term in the external environment. An organisation must have operational, knowledge, management and strategic level systems for each functional area within the organisation. This would be based on the management model adopted by the organisation, so, while the most commonly-adopted systems structure would simply follow the standard functional model, structures reflecting bureaucratic, product and matrix models are also possible. As identified before, enterprise level information systems attempt to encompass the whole organisation in one system. Type of systems Executive support System (ESS) Strategic- Level System 5 years Sales trend forecasting 5 years Operation Plan 5 years Budget forecasting Profit Planning Man power Planning Management Information system (MIS) Decision Support System (DSS) Management Level System Sales Management Inventory control Annual Budgeting Capital investment Analysis Relocation analysis Salas region Analysis Production Scheduling Cost analysis Pricing/Profitability Analysis Contract cost Analysing Knowledge work system (KWS) Office Automation System (OAS) Knowledge Level System Engineering Workstation Graphic work station Managerial Workstation Word Processing Document Imaging Electronic Calendar Transaction processing System (TPS) Operation Level System Machine Control Security Trading Payroll Compensation Order Tracking Plant Scheduling Acc Payable Training Development Order Processing Material Movement Control Cash Management Acc Receivable Employee record Keeping Sales marketing Manufacturing Finance Accounting Human Resource Characteristic Of Information Processing System Type of System Information Inputs Processing Information Outputs Users ESS Aggregate data: Internal, external Graphics; simulations; interactive Projections; responses to queries Senior managers DSS Low Volume data or massive database optimised for data analysis; analytic models and data tools Interactive; simulations, analysis Special reports; decision analysis response to queries Professionals; staff Manager MIS Summary transaction data; high-volume data; simple models Routine reports; Simple models; low-level analysis Summary exception reports Middle managers KWS Design specifications Knowledge base Modelling; simulations Models; graphics Professionals Technical staff OAS Documents Schedules |Document management; Scheduling Communication Documents; schedules; mails Clerical Workers TPS Transactions events Sorting; Listing; Merging; Updating Detailed reports; lists; summaries Operations personnel supervisors 5) Working of Management Systems 5.a) Operational-level Management Transaction-Processing Systems: Basic business system Perform daily routine transactions necessary for business functions. All the tasks, resources and goals are highly structured at operational level. Generally, five functional categories are identified, as shown in the diagram. Type of TPS System Sales/Marketing System Manufacturing/Production Systems Finance/Accounting system Human Resource System Other Types(e.g. , University) Major Functions of System Sales Management Market research Promotion Pricing New Products Scheduling Purchasing Shipping/receiving Engineering Operations Budgeting General Ledger Billing Cost accounting Personal records Benefits Compensation Labour relations Training Admissions Grade records Course records Alumni Major application Systems Sales order information system Market research system Pricing system Materials resource Planning systems Purchase order Control Systems Engineering Systems Quality Control System General ledger Acc Receivables/Payable Budgeting Funds management systems Payroll Employee records Benefit system Career Path system Registration System, Student Transcript System, Curriculum Class control System, Alumni benefactor system 5 .b) Knowledge-level Management Office Automation Systems: Targeted at meeting the knowledge needs of data workers within the organisation Data workers tend to process rather than create information. Primarily involved in information use, manipulation or dissemination. Typical OAS handle and manage documents, scheduling and communication. Knowledge Work Systems: Targeted at meeting the knowledge needs of knowledge workers within the organisation In general, knowledge workers hold degree-level professional qualifications (e.g. engineers, scientists, lawyers), their jobs consist primarily in creating new information and knowledge 5 .c) Management-level Systems Management Information Systems: Typically these systems focus entirely on internal events, providing the information for short-term planning and decision making. MIS summarise and report on the basic operations of the organisation, dependent on the underlying TPS for their data. Transaction Processing System Order file Production Master File Accounting File Order processing System Material resource planning system Genera Ledger System Management Information System Manager MIS Files Sales Data Unit Product Cost |Data Product Change Data Expanses Data MIS Report 5 .d) Strategic-level Management Decision-Support Systems: As MIS, these serve the needs of the management level of the organisation Focus on helping managers make decisions that are semi-structured, unique, or rapidly changing, and not easily specified in advance Use internal information from TPS and MIS, but also information from external sources Must provide user-friendly, interactive tools. Fuel consumption cost file Port Expenses File Ship Charter Hire History Cost File Port distance Restriction File Ship File (e.g speed capacity) Analytical Model Data Base PC Graphics Reports Executive Support Information Systems: Serve the strategic level of the organisation It provides generalised computing and communications environment, rather than providing any fixed application or specific capability. Such systems are not designed to solve specific problems, but to tackle a changing array of problems It is structured to incorporate data about external events, such as new tax laws or competitors, and also draw summarised information from internal MIS and DSS These systems filter, compress, and track critical data, emphasising the reduction of time and effort required to obtain information useful to executive management It employ advanced graphics software to provide highly visual and easy-to-use representations of complex information and current trends, but they tend not to provide analytical models Knowledge System (KW|S OAS) Management System (MIS) Transaction Processing System (TPS) Management System (DSS) Executive Support System (ESS) Inter-relationships and inter-dependencies between IS types Success Story of one of organization (Air Asia) Using Information System Air Asia Airline Company that entered a formerly hunting market with great success. Ticket less travel Automation with IT Reduced costs Improved service Air Asia developed open skies software to automate ticket handling to Avoids travel agents and their fees Uses reservation agents who work from home using VoIP Encourages internet flight booking by customers Maintenance information system used to log airplane parts and time cycles for replacement Air Asia used innovative technique for routing airplanes Does not use hub and spokes method only point to point. Takes most profitable route between cities. Keeping flight manuals on laptop computers allows for paperless cockpits. Saves pre-flight time associated with calculating weight of plane (annual savings of 4800 hours). Information System Helps Air Asia offer Better Services. Safety First: Partnering with worldà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s most renowned maintenance providers and complying with the world airline operations. High Aircraft Utilization: Implementing the regions fastest turn around time at only 25 minutes, assuring lower costs and higher productivity. Low Fare, No Frills: Providing guests with the choice of customizing services without compromising on quality and services. Streamline operations: Making sure that processes are as simple as possible. Point-to-Point Network: Applying the point-to-point network keeps operations simple and cost low. 7) Conclusions: Every organization run on it strategies. And strategies make by management on the basis of the information they have. So I think if the organization have strong information system and it have up-to-date information then the strategies which they are going to make for future will be perfect and it will gave the organization competitive edge in market and on it competitors